Suchergebnisse

Based on the evaluation of extensive sources the book presents the history of an Alpine pass as a living space for many people. Whether it was merchants, grocers, pedlars, wagoners and sumplers, peasants, shepherds, wardens, hosts, miners, soldiers, messengers, pilgrims, beggars, gypsies or vagrants, they all had to get accustomed to the high mountains and to cope with rain, fog, storm, snow, ice, avalanches, mudflows and rockfalls. The rigour of the weather required frequent repairs of the paths, roads and bridges. Since the end of the fifteenth century, wagoners could no longer pass the Arlberg, only samplers. Among other articles of trade they transported food, especially "Schmalz" (boiled butter) to the towns of Innsbruck and Hall on packhorses and in return brought back salt to Vorarlberg and Switzerland.
On the summit of the Arlberg a "Hospiz" (mountain hostel) has provided shelter, supplies of food and help for travellers since 1386. Contrary to the generally held opinion, research showed that there was no fraternity of St. Christoph on the Arlberg in medieval times. At first the "Hospiz" was maintained by donations only, mostly procured by collectors in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, but was turned into a tavern as early as ca. 1420. 17 tavern keepers at St. Christoph, mentioned between ca. 1500 and 1659, has been described in the book, some of them in close detail. - Gestützt auf die 4 Wappen- und Botenbücher vom Arlberg (3 Originale aus der Zeit um 1400 und 1 Kopie des 16. Jh.) mit rund 6.000 Einträgen, in denen die Spenderinnen und Spender (fast immer mit ihren Wappen) verzeichnet sind, und unter Verwendung eines umfangreichen Quellenmaterials (Urkunden, Akten, Handschriften, Kopialbücher) aus verschiedenen, meist Tiroler Archiven und Bibliotheken, ergänzt durch Reiseschilderungen, Landesbeschreibungen und Darstellungen zu Schweizer und Tiroler Alpenpässen und Hospizen, enthält das Buch zwei Schwerpunkte.
Zunächst wird der Nachweis erbracht, dass es entgegen bisheriger Annahme keine Bruderschaft zu St. Christoph für das 1386 auf dem Arlberg errichtete Hospiz gegeben hat. Das ist reine Fiktion, eine Erfindung geschäftstüchtiger Almosensammler und Wirte, namentlich des Zammer Pfarrers Jacob Feuerstein (1620-1657), der unter Vorspiegelung falscher Tatsachen die Taverne zu St. Christoph mit ihren ansehnlichen Gerechtigkeiten an Wald, Wiese und Weide, dazu die Kapelle in die Hand einer Bruderschaft brachte, die sich um 1540 unter den Stanzertaler Bauern gebildet hatte und 1647 eigene Statuten erhielt. Die Geschichte der Arlbergboten (die auf ihren Almosenfahrten bis in die Schweiz, an den Ober-, Mittel- und Niederrhein und nach Wien kamen), von Bau und Ausstattung des Hospizes wie der Kapelle und des kirchlichen Lebens auf dem Arlberg ergänzt die in den ersten Teilen der Arbeit gemachten Angaben.
Den zweiten, wichtigeren Schwerpunkt des Buches bilden die Kapitel, die von jenen Menschen handeln, die am und vom Arlberg lebten oder ihn passierten. Zwei Gruppen heben sich unter ihnen hervor, die Säumer und die Wirte des zu einer Taverne umgewandelten Hospizes, das schon um 1410/15 von Spenden allein nicht mehr erhalten werden konnte. Seit Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts führte bis in die Zeit Kaiser Josefs II. nur noch ein Saumweg über den Arlberg, ohne dass es zu schweren Transporteinbußen kam, wie man bislang meinte. Es waren die Säumer aus Vorarlberg und der Schweiz, die Schmalz nach Innsbruck und Hall brachten und von dort Salz zurücktransportierten, die jahrhundertelang den Verkehr über den Pass bestimmten. Über ihre oft nebenberufliche Tätigkeit, die besonders im Winter schwierig war, wenn sie wiederholt eingeschneit waren, über zum Pass führende Wege, Straßen und Brücken wird ebenso ausführlich berichtet wie über die 17 in der Regel vermögenden Wirte, die sich von ca. 1500 bis 1659 auf dem Arlberg nachweisen lassen. Fast alle waren Bauern, hatten einen Hof im Tal, führten schon häufig vor der Pacht der Arlbergtaverne eine Gastwirtschaft, betätigten sich vielfach im Handel (vor allem mit Salz). Drei von ihnen hatten noch einen anderen Beruf (Metzger, Zöllner, Soldat).
Wegmacher, Bergführer, Salzhändler, Bergleute, Seuchenwachen, Postboten, Soldaten, fahrendes Volk, Gesindel und andere runden das Bild eines trotz rauen Klimas (Nebel, Sturm, Eis, Schnee, Lawinen, Muren, Steinschlag, Hochwasser, Wettersturz) vielbegangenen Passes ab.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des alpinen Skisports in der Nationswerdung Österreichs nach 1945. Der Thematik zu Grunde liegt die Annahme einer undefinierten Österreichischen Identität nach der NS-Zeit, welche sich im Laufe der Nachkriegsjahrzehnte erst klären sollte. Der Sport ist dabei ein wichtiges Instrument, um nationale Identität zu schaffen. Vor allem der alpine Skilauf sollte für die Zweite Republik prägend werden: früh schon stellen sich erste Erfolge ein und als Toni Sailer aus Kitzbühel 1956 in Cortina zu drei olympischen Goldmedaillen fährt, kennt die junge Republik einen ersten Helden der neuen Zeit. Besonders wichtig ist dabei das unschuldige Image des Skisports. Österreich, das sich als erstes Opfer der Nationalsozialisten sieht, braucht nach 1945 vor allem das unpolitische und naive Bild der SkifahrerInnen. Dass 1964 die Ski-Nation etabliert war, wird durch den Umstand bezeugt, dass die IX. Olympischen Spiele in Innsbruck damit angekündigt wurden, der alpine Skisport käme nach Hause. Das propagierte Konstrukt eines neuen, antinationalsozialistischen Österreichs war geboren und dessen BewohnerInnen als skifahrende Antipreußen inszeniert. Diese Inszenierung und Propaganda steht im Fokus dieser Arbeit. Fragen danach, wie die Biographien von SkifahrerInnen im beobachteten Zeitraum in dieses Bild passen, werden ebenfalls beleuchtet wie jene nach dem politischen Kalkül, das dahinter steckt. Abgerundet mit einem ausführlichen Exkurs zur Frage nach der Rolle des Geschlechts im alpinen Skisport der Jahre 1945-1964 behandelt diese Arbeit ein wichtiges, kaum erforschtes Kapitel der österreichischen Geschichte. ; Based on the assumption of an undefined Austrian identity after the Second World War, this thesis examines the role of alpine skiing for the development of the Austrian nation after 1945. As Sport is an important instrument for creating national identity, especially alpine skiing should get defining for the Second Austrian Republic: following early successes, in 1956 Toni Sailer wins three Olympic gold medals in Cortina and the young republic knows a first hero of a new era. The innocent image of skiing is particularly important. Austria, seeing itself (in the tradition of the Moscow Declaration of 1943) as the first victim of Nazi Germany primarily needs the unpolitical and naive image of the skiers after 1945. With the staging of the IX. Olympic Games in Innsbruck in 1964 as a ski-event the construction of the Austrian Ski-Nation succeeded and positioned the country as an anti-national-socialistic, beautiful piece of landscape whose inhabitants were only skiing and for this very unpolitical. Its production and propaganda is in the focus of this work. Questions how the biographies of skiers fit in are examined as well as questions like how much political calculation was behind this. Rounded off with a detailed discussion about the role of gender in alpine skiing between the years 1945-1964, this thesis deals with an important chapter of the Austrian history. ; eingereicht von Christoph Eric Hack ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2013 ; OeBB ; (VLID)226741

Only a few sites in the Alps have produced archaeological finds from melting ice. To date, prehistoric finds from four sites dating from the Neolithic period, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age have been recovered from small ice patches (Schnidejoch, Lötschenpass, Tisenjoch, and Gemsbichl/Rieserferner). Glaciers, on the other hand, have yielded historic finds and frozen human remains that are not more than a few hundred years old (three glacier mummies from the 16th to the 19th century and military finds from World Wars I and II). Between 2003 and 2010, numerous archaeological finds were recovered from a melting ice patch on the Schnidejoch in the Bernese Alps (Cantons of Berne and Valais, Switzerland). These finds date from the Neolithic period, the Early Bronze Age, the Iron Age, Roman times, and the Middle Ages, spanning a period of 6000 years. The Schnidejoch, at an altitude of 2756 m asl, is a pass in the Wildhorn region of the western Bernese Alps. It has yielded some of the earliest evidence of Neolithic human activity at high altitude in the Alps. The abundant assemblage of finds contains a number of unique artifacts, mainly from organic materials like leather, wood, bark, and fibers. The site clearly proves access to high-mountain areas as early as the 5th millennium BC, and the chronological distribution of the finds indicates that the Schnidejoch pass was used mainly during periods when glaciers were retreating. ; Dans les Alpes, la glace en fusion a donné lieu à des découvertes archéologiques à seulement quelques emplacements. Jusqu'à maintenant, des découvertes préhistoriques en provenance de quatre sites remontant à la période néolithique, à l'âge du bronze et à l'âge du fer ont été faites dans de petits névés (Schnidejoch, Lötschenpass, Tisenjoch et Gemsbichl-Rieserferner). Par contre, les glaciers ont permis de faire des trouvailles historiques et de découvrir des restes humains qui ne datent pas de plus de quelques centaines d'années (soit trois momies de glaciers allant du XVIe au XIXe siècles et des découvertes militaires de la Première Guerre mondiale ainsi que de la Seconde Guerre mondiale). Entre 2003 et 2010, de nombreuses découvertes archéologiques ont été effectuées dans un névé en fusion du Schnidejoch, dans les Alpes bernoises (cantons de Berne et de Valais, en Suisse). Ces découvertes datent de la période néolithique, du début de l'âge du bronze, de l'âge du fer, de l'époque romaine et du Moyen-Âge, ce qui s'échelonne sur 6 000 années. Le Schnidejoch, se trouvant à une altitude de 2 756 m, est un col de la région Wildhorn, dans l'ouest des Alpes bernoises. Cet endroit a permis de découvrir les plus anciennes preuves d'activité humaine de la période néolithique en haute altitude dans les Alpes. L'abondant assemblage de découvertes comprend un certain nombre d'artefacts uniques principalement composés de matériaux organiques comme le cuir, le bois, l'écorce et les fibres. Ce site prouve nettement que dès le cinquième millénaire av. J.-C., l'être humain avait accès aux régions en haute montagne. Par ailleurs, la répartition chronologique des découvertes indique que le col du Schnidejoch était principalement utilisé en périodes de recul des glaciers.

The Alpine passes of the Maritime Alps have always constituted a complex system of communication and transit able to connect the population of the two scope, but, at the same time, able to allow the arrival of the enemy populations. In the case of the roads leading from Turin to the sea, two routes in particular have been the subject of attention from the Savoy House: one along the Tanaro valley leading to Imperia and that along the Roja valley that passes through Tenda and get to Nice. Carlo Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia, until the mid-eighties of the sixteenth century, after having strengthened the major strategic centers, closed these accesses to the sea. The fortress of Ormea, in the Tanaro valley, was a second line of defense on a little protected border until then and was to be the first hurdle for eventual advanced towards the city of Ceva. Tenda and its castle, in Roja Valley, became part of the Savoy dominions only since 1581 when it extinguished the Lascaris family, owner of the village. The study analyzed the events related to the defensive systems of the two centers in the south of Piedmont, studying iconography and military designs drafted by engineers and designers in the House of Savoy service in the second half of the sixteenth century.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, Venice, favorably positioned in the Mediterranean, near the great rivers and Alpine passes that led to Lombardy, Germany and Flanders, tried to impose a monopoly on navigation and trade in the Adriatic Sea, which was considered its Gulf. It benefited from its technical advance and its organization (the Arsenal), its ships (hulls, galleys), its financial knowledge, its wealth and the experience acquired by its merchants in the places of the Levant as well as in the West. City without countryside (city without contado), it makes come from outside, by the sea or by the rivers, all that is necessary for its population (building materials, firewood, and all the food, cereals, wine, oil and cattle) and for its naval or textile industry (drapery and silk), it fears to miss and puts at contribution a vast part of Europe, However, it runs up against serious difficulties in the Adriatic itself, However, it faced serious difficulties in the Adriatic itself, with piracy, with the riparian powers, with the competing ports of Ragusa and Ancona, with the intrusion of capital and Tuscan merchants in the ports of Dalmatia, it tried to apply its monopoly to the territories that it dominated politically and that constituted its empire, but, for fear of smuggling that would ruin its customs and tax revenues, it reduced the maritime and commercial activity of its subject territories. Venetian merchants could trade wherever they wanted, but as soon as they entered the Adriatic, they had to go to Venice with their goods and not to another port. Venice seems strong of its power based on solid points of support and on the weakness of its adversaries: if Genoa is not any more a threat, new dangers threaten in the Adriatic itself, the Ottoman Turks against whom Venice begins to lead exhausting wars. ; Aux xive et xve siècles, Venise, placée favorablement en Méditerranée, à proximité des grands fleuves et de cols alpins qui conduisent en Lombardie ou en Allemagne et en Flandre, tente d'imposer un monopole de ...

Aux xive et xve siècles, Venise, placée favorablement en Méditerranée, à proximité des grands fleuves et de cols alpins qui conduisent en Lombardie ou en Allemagne et en Flandre, tente d'imposer un monopole de navigation et de commerce à la mer Adriatique considérée comme son Golfe. Elle bénéficie de son avance technique et de son organisation (l'Arsenal), de ses bateaux (nefs coques, galères), de ses connaissances financières, de sa richesse et de l'expérience acquise par ses marchands sur les places du Levant comme à l'Ouest. Cité sans campagne (ville sans contado), elle fait venir de l'extérieur, par la mer ou par les fleuves, tout ce qui est nécessaire à sa population (matériaux de construction, bois de chauffage, et tout le vivre, céréales, vin, huile et bétail) et à son industrie navale ou textile (draperie et soierie), elle craint de manquer et met à contribution une vaste partie de l'Europe, Pourtant, elle se heurte à de graves difficultés en Adriatique même, à la piraterie, aux puissances riveraines, aux ports concurrents, Raguse et Ancône, à l'intrusion du capital et de marchands toscans dans les ports de Dalmatie, elle cherche à appliquer son monopole aux territoires qu'elle domine politiquement et qui constituent son empire, mais, par peur de la contrebande qui ruinerait ses recettes douanières et fiscales, elle réduit l'activité maritime et commerciale de ses territoires-sujets. Les marchands vénitiens font certes commerce où ils veulent mais dès qu'ils entrent en Adriatique, ils doivent se rendre à Venise avec leurs marchandises et non dans un autre port. Venise semble forte de sa puissance assise sur des points d'appui solides et sur la faiblesse de ses adversaires: si Gênes n'est plus une menace, de nouveaux dangers menacent en Adriatique même, les Turcs ottomans contre qui Venise commence à mener d'épuisantes guerres. ; In the 14th and 15th centuries, Venice, favorably positioned in the Mediterranean, near the great rivers and Alpine passes that led to Lombardy, Germany and Flanders, tried to ...

The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience. ; The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience.

The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience. ; The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience.

The events that led to the proclamation of the Reign of Italy in 1861, after the heroic actions by Garibaldi and the wise politics by Cavour, opened a new stage in Italian history. This is an important moment for a country that had always lived divisions among different political parties and had always been dominated by foreign rulers. The Italian state was created in an important historical period made of technical and economical development thanks to several technological inventions, such as textile machines, the train, the electrical telegraph. These inventions needed also a development in communications. Soon after the Unity of Italy the conditions of the last ones were considerably backward. From the physical geographical viewpoint, the distance between the two extremes of the peninsula, leaving out also the two main isles, was longer than that of all the other European Countries. Besides, just in the Po Valley and along few flat coast lines the relief conditions were suitable for building roads, railways and modern highways. Currently all that is clear: there a few stretches without flyovers, bridges, tunnels and viaducts, which have greatly contributed to transform the landscape (for example the link Genoa – Savona, belonging to highway Fiori – Genova/Ventimiglia – opened in 1967, includes 158 km built along the coast with 27 galleries and 90 viaducts). Historically the "entries of Italy" were the alpine passes and the ports on the coast. The "Belpaese" has been perhaps the most famous example of what the geographer Jean Gottmann called the "crossroads regions" (carrefours) with openings to the world which have given them great opportunities to connect and exchange. In the globalization age the new entries to the world are the international airports, while the telematic networks contribute to get rid of the idea of border itself. A journey to discover the thick and wide realization of communications and telecommunications works which, in different ways, have created " the united and connected Italy", with a huge effort being greater than the one of the other European Countries, for historical, geographical and urban planning reasons. Networks being fundamental not only for the economic growth and development, but also to build the national society and conscience.

Comment la Suisse qui n'a pas de colonie tropicale le fournissant en chocolat a-t-elle pu devenir l'une des plus prestigieuses références culturelles du chocolat ? Sans société curiale ni corporation pâtissière dédiée au chocolat, ce petit pays alpin a transformé la culture du chocolat entre le moment où elle l'a reçue de l'Italie à la fin du xviii e siècle et la Première Guerre mondiale où l'industrie du chocolat tournait à plein régime. De la passion artisanale de quelques familles à l'adoption par la nation suisse du chocolat, le chemin passe par les villes, leurs confiseries et tout un écosystème symbolique que le protestantisme porte à son excellence.

International audience ; Between France and Spain, the alpine duchy of Piedmont-Savoy often uses a diplomacy alternating alliances to pass from one camp to another according to the circumstances. In June 1690, Victor Amadeus II joins the League of Augsburg and enters the war against his uncle Louis XIV who dominates his states for half a century. The Sun King denounces this flipping alliances in a Manichean discourse analyzed here from diplomatic and military archives: he presents himself as a good sovereign victim of the betrayal of his wicked nephew. The latter responds to these accusations by arguments at once similar and opposed to those of his uncle. ; Entre France et Espagne, le duché alpin de Piémont-Savoie a souvent recours à une diplomatie alternant les alliances pour passer d'un camp à l'autre au gré des circonstances. En juin 1690, Victor-Amédée II rejoint la Ligue d'Augsbourg et entre en guerre contre son oncle Louis XIV qui a établi un protectorat dans ses États depuis un demi-siècle. Le Roi-Soleil dénonce alors ce revirement d'alliances dans un discours manichéen ici analysé à partir d'archives diplomatiques et militaires : il se présente en bon souverain victime de la trahison de son méchant neveu. Ce dernier répond à ces accusations par des arguments à la fois similaires et opposés à ceux de son oncle. ; Tra Francia e Spagna, il ducato alpino di Piemonte-Savoia ha spesso ricorrere a una diplomazia alternando le alleanze per spostarsi da una parte all'altra secondo le circostanze. Nel giugno del 1690, Vittorio Amedeo II si uni alla Lega di Augusta ed entra in guerra contro suo zio Luigi XIV che ha stabilito un protectorate nel suo stato per mezzo secolo. Il Re Sole denuncia questa alleanza in un discorso manicheo qui analizzato da archivi diplomatici e militari : si presenta in buon sovrano vittimo del tradimento del suo cattivo nipote. Quest'ultimo risponde a queste accuse con argomenti allo stesso tempo simili e opposti a quelli di suo zio.

International audience ; Between France and Spain, the alpine duchy of Piedmont-Savoy often uses a diplomacy alternating alliances to pass from one camp to another according to the circumstances. In June 1690, Victor Amadeus II joins the League of Augsburg and enters the war against his uncle Louis XIV who dominates his states for half a century. The Sun King denounces this flipping alliances in a Manichean discourse analyzed here from diplomatic and military archives: he presents himself as a good sovereign victim of the betrayal of his wicked nephew. The latter responds to these accusations by arguments at once similar and opposed to those of his uncle. ; Entre France et Espagne, le duché alpin de Piémont-Savoie a souvent recours à une diplomatie alternant les alliances pour passer d'un camp à l'autre au gré des circonstances. En juin 1690, Victor-Amédée II rejoint la Ligue d'Augsbourg et entre en guerre contre son oncle Louis XIV qui a établi un protectorat dans ses États depuis un demi-siècle. Le Roi-Soleil dénonce alors ce revirement d'alliances dans un discours manichéen ici analysé à partir d'archives diplomatiques et militaires : il se présente en bon souverain victime de la trahison de son méchant neveu. Ce dernier répond à ces accusations par des arguments à la fois similaires et opposés à ceux de son oncle. ; Tra Francia e Spagna, il ducato alpino di Piemonte-Savoia ha spesso ricorrere a una diplomazia alternando le alleanze per spostarsi da una parte all'altra secondo le circostanze. Nel giugno del 1690, Vittorio Amedeo II si uni alla Lega di Augusta ed entra in guerra contro suo zio Luigi XIV che ha stabilito un protectorate nel suo stato per mezzo secolo. Il Re Sole denuncia questa alleanza in un discorso manicheo qui analizzato da archivi diplomatici e militari : si presenta in buon sovrano vittimo del tradimento del suo cattivo nipote. Quest'ultimo risponde a queste accuse con argomenti allo stesso tempo simili e opposti a quelli di suo zio.

International audience ; A November 19 1960 French decree gave birth to an interministerial committee dedicated to mountains development. This committee initiated a national policy of touristic development so as to bring more modernity to mountain territories. In the Oisans area, local stakeholders, on the grounds of their own survival, while looking for economic reorientation, agree with this vision as a real identity lobby, through a quest for leisure infrastructures. Controversies about mountain sacking seem to be erased by each village's hope to become a place dedicated to winter sports. However, both the two rapidly expanding big tourist spots and the national park project bring us to question this uneven dynamic. By analysing the 1960s local press on Oisans' scale, this article offers to explore, in a historical way and through the prism of the innovation concept, the process through which sports practice, stakeholders and areas interact to bring new territorial realities to life. ; Cette communication vise à décrypter par une analyse fine au niveau micro-historique à l'échelle de l'Oisans les processus socio-culturels ayant amené au remodelage de l'espace montagnard par l'extension des loisirs de masse (Rioux & Sirinelli, 2002) et des infrastructures dédiées. Les sources, principalement deux éditions du journal le Dauphiné Libéré (Oisans et Grenoble) permettent de dégager les visions et motivations ayant conduit des acteurs, locaux ou extérieurs au territoire, à transformer la montagne. L'observation de ces transformations dans la durée conduit l'historien à interroger le concept d'innovation (Alter, 2013) comme l'une des modalités du changement. Ce concept pose la question des normes, au prisme des pratiques particulières qui se déroulent dans les territoires de montagne ainsi que la diversité des publics par le biais de la diversité sociale et culturelle des pratiques. Il permet d'interpréter les modes d'appropriation opérés par ces acteurs, qu'il s'agisse d'inventeurs ou des usagers des innovations étudiées et leurs effets en matière de transformation des sociétés. L'invention de la montagne touristique (Boyer, 1996) montre le jeu de relations complexes qui s'établit entre représentations et pratiques des élites et des populations locales dans sa construction comme « nouveau territoire ». Non plus observée sous l'angle du retard, la montagne est conçue comme un laboratoire particulièrement pertinent pour analyser les mutations sociales et culturelles, amenant à considérer le développement du tourisme en montagne via les pratiques de loisirs sportifs comme une innovation (Attali, Dalmasso, & Granet-Abisset, 2014).Par décret du 19 novembre 1960, la création du comité interministériel à l'aménagement de la montagne amorce une politique nationale de développement touristique qui entend faire passer les territoires de montagne de l'archaïsme à la modernité (Granet-Abisset, 2001). En Oisans les acteurs locaux (Gumuchian, Grasset, & Lajarge, 2003), au motif de leur survie et en quête de réorientation économique, consentent à cette vision normative, par une course à l'équipement en infrastructures de loisirs. Les controverses à propos de la montagne saccagée semblent gommées par l'espoir de chaque village de devenir un lieu dédié aux sports d'hiver. Mais les deux grands ensembles touristiques en pleine expansion et le projet de création d'un parc national amènent à interroger cette dynamique asymétrique. Cet article propose d'explorer dans une perspective historique et au prisme du concept d'innovation, les processus de diffusion par lesquels le tourisme et ses modalités se déploie en Oisans, les raisons de blocage, les conflits ou coopérations qui jaillissent des arguments prônant l'aménagement face à la protection de la nature. De manière conclusive il s'agit de comprendre comment pratiques de loisirs sportifs, acteurs et espaces interagissent pour faire apparaître de nouvelles réalités territoriales.Cette étude porte sur l'Oisans au sens géographique incluant au-de là des dix-neuf communes du département de l'Isère, les deux communes du département des Hautes-Alpes.